History of the Caledonian Canal

Linking the lochs of the Great Glen, the Caledonian Canal provided a safe route for naval and merchant ships to avoid the treacherous Pentland Firth and Cape Wrath.

Loch Lochy, Loch Oich, Loch Ness and Loch Dochfour provide much of the route along the Great Glen between Fort William and Inverness. Only relatively short artificial canals were required to link them together, with water supply guaranteed!

Innovative Engineering

William Jessop and Thomas Telford head the list of engineers involved in the impressive project. At more than 50 yards (46m) long, its locks were huge by the standards of the time, with many of them arranged in staircases of interconnected locks. The massive eight-lock flight at Banavie, known as Neptune's Staircase, is little short of breathtaking. The entire canal smacks of similar engineering feats on a grand scale.

Over time and over budget

Wildly overshooting Telford's estimates for both time and finances, the canal was partly finished in 1822, but it was a further 25 years before final completion. By this time, the advent of bigger steamships had diminished the canal's role, and it was never a huge commercial success.

Local Caledonian history

But it's not just canal history that you'll encounter on a journey along the Caledonian Canal. The Great Glen has been fought over for centuries and is rich in history. Here are some of the locations worth exploring:

Invergarry Castle

Situated on the shores of Loch Oich, this 17th century ruined castle was once the stronghold of the Clan MacDonnell. It was burned by Government troops after the battle of Culloden in 1746 in retribution for the help given by McDonnell of Glengarry to Bonnie Prince Charlie.

The Dark Mile

A great place to hide, this wooded glen leading to Loch Arkaig is steeped in Jacobite legend after Prince Charlie escaped along its 'dark mile' from the Battle of Culloden.

Urquhart Castle

The magnificently situated Urquhart Castle, on the banks of Loch Ness, remains an impressive stronghold despite its ruinous state. Once one of Scotland's largest castles, Urquhart's remains include a tower house that commands splendid views of the famous loch and Great Glen.

FACT!

Highland prophet, the Brahan Seer, predicted the canal in 1620, nearly 200 years before the canal was built. 'One day ships will sail round the back of Tomnahurich Hill'.

Top tips

  • Why was the canal built?
    The canal was designed not just as a shortcut between the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean. It was Britain’s first venture into social engineering, encouraging would-be emigrants to stay in the Highlands.
  • How long did it take to build?
    Work started in 1803, with over 1500 unskilled farmers digging the canal by hand. Opening in 1822, it still took another 25 years before the canal was fully complete.
  • How much of the canal is man-made?
    22 miles of the 60 mile waterway are man-made. The remaining 38 miles are made up of Loch Lochy, Loch Oich, Loch Ness and Loch Dochfour.
  • How many locks are on the canal?
    There are 29 locks, 4 aqueducts, 8 road bridges and 2 rail bridges.
  • When did the locks become mechanised?
    The canal was mechanised in the 1960s. Instead of using capstans and manpower, hydraulics are now used to operate locks and bridges. One original cast-iron bridge remains. Moy Bridge, near Gairlochy is still operated by hand, and the bridge keeper has to row across the canal to open both sides.
  • Who uses the canal today?
    Originally meant for 19th century trade, the canal now has over 1000 yachts and cruisers visiting each year, over half of these are from overseas. Fishing boats, holiday hire boats, hotel boats, trip boats, and even a floating pub can all be seen on the canal today. Over 2500 paddlers also use the waters, and more than 700,000 people visit the canal towpath every year.
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